diabetes Complications

Complications

Main article: Complications of diabetes mellitus

All forms of diabetes increase the risk of long-term complications. These typically develop after many years (10–20) but may be the first symptom in those who have otherwise not received a diagnosis before that time.
                                   

The major long-term complications relate to damage to blood vessels. Diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease^[24] and about 75% of deaths in diabetics are due to coronary artery disease.^[25] Other "macrovascular" diseases are stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

                                  

The primary complications of diabetes due to damage in small blood vessels include damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves.^[26] Damage to the eyes, known as diabetic retinopathy, is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye, and can result in gradual vision loss and blindness.^[26] Damage to the kidneys, known as diabetic nephropathy, can lead to tissue scarring, urine protein loss, and eventually chronic kidney disease, sometimes requiring dialysis or kidney transplant.^[26] Damage to the nerves of the body, known as diabetic neuropathy, is the most common complication of diabetes.^[26] The symptoms can include numbness, tingling, pain, and altered pain sensation, which can lead to damage to the skin. Diabetes-related foot problems (such as diabetic foot ulcers) may occur, and can be difficult to treat, occasionally requiring amputation. Additionally, proximal diabetic neuropathy causes painful muscle wasting and weakness.
                              

There is a link between cognitive deficit and diabetes. Compared to those without diabetes, those with the disease have a 1.2 to 1.5-fold greater rate of decline in cognitive function.^[27] Being diabetic, especially when on insulin increases the risk of falls in older people.