diabetes sign and symptoms

Signs and symptoms

Overview of the most significant symptoms of diabetes

The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weight loss, polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).^[18] Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 DM, while they usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type 2 DM.

Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes although they are not specific to the disease. In addition to the known ones above, they include blurry vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in its shape, resulting in vision changes. A number of skin rashes that can occur in diabetes are collectively known as diabetic dermadromes.^{[citation needed]}

Diabetic emergencies

 

                          

Low blood sugar is common in persons with type 1 and type 2 DM. Most cases are mild and are not considered medical emergencies. Effects can range from feelings of unease, sweating, trembling, and increased appetite in mild cases to more serious issues such as confusion, changes in behavior such as aggressiveness, seizures, unconsciousness, and (rarely) permanent brain damage or death in severe cases.^[19][20] Moderate hypoglycemia may easily be mistaken for drunkenness;^[21] rapid breathing and sweating, cold, pale skin are characteristic of hypoglycemia but not definitive.^[22] Mild to moderate cases are self-treated by eating or drinking something high in sugar. Severe cases can lead to unconsciousness and must be treated with intravenous glucose or injections with glucagon.^{[citation needed]}

People (usually with type 1 DM) may also experience episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis, a metabolic disturbance characterized by nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, the smell of acetone on the breath, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases a decreased level of consciousness.^[23]

A rare but equally severe possibility is hyperosmolar nonketotic state, which is more common in type 2 DM and is mainly the result of dehydration

Read More

baby born twice

BABY BORN TWICE VIA C-SECTION SURGERY
THE BABY LYNLEE was born twice by c-section surgery because an ultrasound scan showed a massive tumor grown on her tailbone.  She had 50-50 chances and her tumor was shutting her brain. watch below what happened then.
The doctors decided to terminate pregnancy, but here came a team of docs who decided to perform a fetal surgery. they removed the fetus from the mother womb, performed the surgery and removed a big tumor of a size of a fetus almost. and put her back in the womb to develop normally which she was delivered at term and lived again.

Read More

pupula duplex

pupula duplex ( eyes with 2 pupils)
Pupula duplex is (supposedly) an extremely rare condition in which a person has two irises and two pupils in the same eye. It's so rare, in fact, that some believe that it is just a myth. Technically, there have been no recorded cases of pupula duplex and no confirmed photographic evidence. However, there have been claims of people having the condition...and, according to this video, this is what it would look like.

Pupula duplex may not be well documented (or real), but here are number of conditions that people do have. For example, heterochromia iridum, which causes separate coloration of the irises.
The horrifying coloboma is a birth defect that causes a hole in the iris. Most people who suffer from coloboma are also blind.
For the sake of humanity, I wish all of these were fake. As someone that can't even watch people put their contacts in, this is all really horrifying

Read More

vaginal delivery

Vaginal Breech Delivery
Vaginal breech delivery
Three types of vaginal breech deliveries are described, as follows:
·         Spontaneous breech delivery: No traction or manipulation of the infant is used. This occurs predominantly in very preterm, often previable, deliveries.
·         Assisted breech delivery: This is the most common type of vaginal breech delivery. The infant is allowed to spontaneously deliver up to the umbilicus, and then maneuvers are initiated to assist in the delivery of the remainder of the body, arms, and head.

·         Total breech extraction: The fetal feet are grasped, and the entire fetus is extracted. Total breech extraction should be used only for a noncephalic second twin; it should not be used for a singleton fetus because the cervix may not be adequately dilated to allow passage of the fetal head. Total breech extraction for the singleton breech is associated with a birth injury rate of 25% and a mortality rate of approximately 10%. Total breech extractions are sometimes performed by less experienced accoucheurs when a foot unexpectedly prolapses through the vagina. As long as the fetal heart rate is stable in this situation, it is permissible to manage expectantly to allow the cervix to completely dilate around the breech.

Technique and tips for assisted vaginal breech delivery
The fetal membranes should be left intact as long as possible to act as a dilating wedge and to prevent overt cord prolapse.
Oxytocin induction and augmentation are controversial. In many previous studies, oxytocin was used for induction and augmentation, especially for hypotonic uterine dysfunction. However, others are concerned that nonphysiologic forceful contractions could result in an incompletely dilated cervix and an entrapped head.
An anesthesiologist and a pediatrician should be immediately available for all vaginal breech deliveries. A pediatrician is needed because of the higher prevalence of neonatal depression and the increased risk for unrecognized fetal anomalies. An anesthesiologist may be needed if intrapartum complications develop and the patient requires general anesthesia.
Some clinicians perform an episiotomy when the breech delivery is imminent, even in multiparas, as it may help prevent soft tissue dystocia for the aftercoming head
The Pinard maneuver may be needed with a frank breech to facilitate delivery of the legs but only after the fetal umbilicus has been reached. Pressure is exerted in the popliteal space of the knee. Flexion of the knee follows, and the lower leg is swept medially and out of the vagina.
No traction should be exerted on the infant until the fetal umbilicus is past the perineum, after which time maternal expulsive efforts should be used along with gentle downward and outward traction of the infant until the scapula and axilla are visible.

Use a dry towel to wrap around the hips (not the abdomen) to help with gentle traction of the infant.
An assistant should exert transfundal pressure from above to keep the fetal head flexed.
Once the scapula is visible, rotate the infant 90° and gently sweep the anterior arm out of the vagina by pressing on the inner aspect of the arm or elbow.
Rotate the infant 180° in the reverse direction, and sweep the other arm out of the vagina. Once the arms are delivered, rotate the infant back 90° so that the back is anterior.
The fetal head should be maintained in a flexed position during delivery to allow passage of the smallest diameter of the head. The flexed position can be accomplished by using the Mauriceau Smellie Veit maneuver, in which the operator's index and middle fingers lift up on the fetal maxillary prominences, while the assistant applies suprapubic pressure.

Read More

asbestosis symptoms

The primary symptoms are decreased tolerance for physical exertion and shortness of breath. The severity of the symptoms is often related to the amount and length of asbestos exposure.
                                      

Patients exhibit dry inspiratory crackles, which are clicking or rattling noises made by the lungs during inhalation, and clubbing of the fingers, which may include softening of the fingernail beds, bulging of the end of the finger(s) and misshapen nails – all caused by a decrease of oxygenated blood flow to the extremities. Lung cancer can also cause clubbed fingers.

                                 

There is always evidence of fibrosis in the lower lung lobes where asbestosis is most prevalent, and more than 50 percent of people develop plaques in the parietal pleura, which is the space between the chest wall and the lungs.

Fast Fact: Asbestosis patients have an 8-10 times higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without asbestosis.
                                        
Other symptoms can include:

    Coughing
    Chest pain
    Blood in the sputum
    Swelling in the neck or face
    Difficulty swallowing
    Loss of appetite
    Weight loss

Read More

asbestosis

Introduction

Asbestosis is a chronic (long-term) lung condition caused by prolonged exposure to asbestos.

Asbestos is a general term for a group of minerals made of microscopic fibres. In the past, it was widely used in construction.

Asbestos can be very dangerous. It does not present a health risk if it is undisturbed, but if material containing asbestos is chipped, drilled, broken or allowed to deteriorate, it can release a fine dust that contains asbestos fibres.
                                      

When the dust is breathed in, the asbestos fibres enter the lungs and can gradually damage them over time. For asbestosis to develop, prolonged exposure to relatively high numbers of the fibres is necessary. However, it is not the only factor, as many people avoid getting asbestosis, despite heavy exposure.

                                 
Symptoms of asbestosis

Breathing in asbestos fibres may eventually scar the lungs of some people, which can lead to a number of symptoms, including:

    shortness of breath – this may only occur after physical activity at first, but it can eventually become a more constant problem
    a persistent cough
    wheezing
    fatigue (extreme tiredness)
    chest pain
    in more advanced cases, clubbed (swollen) fingertips

Nowadays, most people who are diagnosed with asbestosis were exposed many years ago, before there were effective controls on exposure to asbestos fibres in the workplace.

See your GP if you have the above symptoms and you think you may have been exposed to asbestos in the past.

Read more about diagnosing asbestosis.
Treating asbestosis

There is no cure for asbestosis once it has developed, because it is not possible to reverse the damage to the lungs.
                                               
One of the most important things someone with the condition can do is to stop smoking, if they smoke. This is because the symptoms are more likely to get worse in people who smoke, and smoking also increases the risk of lung cancer in people with asbestosis.

If necessary, treatments such as oxygen therapy can improve the quality of life of someone with asbestosis.

Outlook

The outlook for asbestosis can vary significantly, depending on the extent of damage to the lungs and whether any other conditions are present.

Asbestosis can get worse over time and severe cases can place a significant strain on a person's health and shorten their life expectancy, but in many cases the condition progresses very slowly or not at all.

However, people with asbestosis have a higher risk of developing other serious and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as:

    pleural disease – where the membrane covering the lungs (pleura) becomes thicker, which can further contribute to breathlessness and chest discomfort
    mesothelioma – a type of cancer that affects the membrane that covers the lungs, heart and gut
    lung cancer

Overall, more people with asbestosis die as a result of one of the cancers mentioned above, or from natural causes, than from asbestosis itself.

Read More